The publication “Contracts in Norwegian Tunnelling” is part of the English language series published by the Norwegian Tunnelling Society NFF.

The publication “Rock Mass Grouting” is part of the English language series published by the Norwegian Tunnelling Society NFF.

The aim is to share with colleagues internationally information on rock technology, this time with focus on rock mass grouting in tunnelling.

The publication "Rock Support in Norwegian Tunnelling" is part of the English language series published by the Norwegian Tunnelling Society NFF.

NFF - the Norwegian Tunnelling Society, as part of its activities, prepares technical
publications in the English language. These publications focus on selected segments
of underground construction. NFF issued its first publication on subsea tunnelling in
1991. 18 years have passed, numerous new subsea projects were implemented, the
industry has gained experience and techniques were improved. In conclusion, it is
time for an update.
The intention, as always, is the sharing with colleagues and friends internationally
newly gained experience.
The high level of subsea tunnelling activities taking place in Norway is a consequence
of the special topography of the country with mountains, fjords and outlaying islands
in combination with national support for improving communications in the coastal
areas. Priorities were not necessarily governed by cost-benefit analyses.

The present publication, No. 17 in the English language series from the Norwegian Tunnelling Society NFF, has –
as always – the intention of sharing with our colleagues and friends internationally the latest news and experience
gained in the use of the underground; this time with focus on the maintenance and safety of underground openings
during operation.

The present publication, number 16 in the English language series from the Norwegian Tunnelling Society NFF, has – as always – the intention of sharing with our colleagues and friends internationally the latest news and experience gained in the use of the underground; this time with focus on Underground Constructions for the Norwegian Oil and Gas Industry.

Norway is a mountainous country. Topographical features along the western coastline are long fjords cutting into steep and high mountains. The south-eastern and middle part of the country takes on smoother forms; still dominated by mountains and rocky underground. The topography hence creates necessity, opportunities and challenges for rock engineering in the development of the infrastructure of the country. Commended virtues in the engineering sector are competence, ability to find new solutions and conscious approach with regard to environment and costs.

The Norwegian landscape and topography is characterised by long and deep valleys and fjords cutting into high mountains. The rock mass left after tectonic activities and several periods of glacial erosion, is suitable for tunnelling, still holding numerous challenges for the tunnellers. Rock tunnels have been found to be an efficient link to overcome infrastructure challenges. At the same time these topographical conditions enable a wide range of utilisation of the rock mass for the benefit of the public. Hydropower projects take advantage of the highly elevated water reservoirs and utilises the rock to host tunnels and caverns.

Norwegian tunnelling is mechanised, with extensive use of self-moving units for all processes. This means that the heavy, and partly dangerous, manual work that used to characterise tunnelling is strongly reduced. The typical Norwegian tunnel worker is multi-skilled. The crews are organised as autonomous work groups, lead by qualified shift foremen. The employer and crews usually negotiate a bonus system based on production achievements enhancing motivation geared towards production and award. The experience over the last years show that this system can be well combined with high emphasis on health and safety.

The allowable amount of water inflow is determined by the actual circumstances. For some projects the practical limitations related to the excavation process or to pumping capacity govern the requirements. This may be the case in subsea tunnels for which an allowable remaining inflow of 30 litres per minute and 100 m tunnel length is typical. More often, below sensitive natural recreation areas, or below cities with buildings founded on settlement sensitive soils, very strict requirements apply. The remaining inflow may in such cases have to be restricted to the range of 2 to 10 litres per minute per 100 m. The main point is to construct a tunnel that is tight enough, in terms of fulfilling a project specific target on allowable water inflow.

The scope of the present volume is TBM tunnelling in Norway. The first TBM project executed in Norway dates back to 1967. It was called promising, in spite of low penetration and high costs. Later TBM development is closely connected to the development of high performance machines, increased thrust per cutter and improved bit technology. James S. Robbins and Robbins machines played an important role in this process.

The scope of the present volume is to present the variety of purposes where underground facilities have been used in and around the capital city of Oslo. Although a small city, Oslo has experienced the common problems of urbanisation, such as traffic jams and lack of space for building purposes. These restrictions to development have largely been solved by locating transport systems and other public facilities in underground tunnels and caverns.

This volume constitutes the ninth in the publications series Norwegian Tunnelling presenting Norwegian technology within the fields of rock excavation and underground construction.

The articles in this publication summarize how these challenges are met in Norwegian sub sea tunnel construction. In addition to outlining procedures and reporting experience from some more interesting tunnel projects, the articles deal with the following aspects of sub sea tunnelling:field investigation methods, tunnel design and excavation experience, safety aspects related to road tunnels, future sub sea tunnel projects, and installations in sub sea road tunnels.

The geological map of Norway is part of the series of publication presenting Norwegian technology in the field of underground construction. The publications are worked out by the Norwegian Soil and Rock Engineering Association, an organization representing the national sum of know-how in the fields of soil mechanics, geological engineering and tunnelling technology.

This fifth volume is a summary of the development and know-how of Norwegian tunnelling technology and consists of four sections:

1. Historic development and present Norwegian tunnelling features,
2. Norwegian bedrock conditions,
3. General Norwegian tunnel design procedures,
4. Norwegian specialities in design and tunnel construction.

This volume constitutes the fourth in a series of publications presenting Norwegian technology within the field of underground construction. The publications are presented by the Norwegian Soil and Rock Engineering Association, an organization representing the joint forces of know-how within the fields of rock mechanics, soil mechanics, geological engineering and tunnelling technology.

This volume constitutes the third in a series of publications presenting Norwegian technology within the field of underground construction. The publications are presented by the Norwegian Soil and Rock Engineering Association, an organization representing the joint forces of know-how within the fields of rock mechanics, soil mechanics, geological engineering and tunnelling technology

The present volume constitutes the first in a series of publications presenting Norwegian technology within the field of underground construction. The publications are presented by the Norwegian Soil and Rock Engineering Association, an organization representing the joint forces of know-how within the fields of rock mechanics, soil mechanics, geological engineering and tunnelling technology. The objective of this volume is to give a state-of-the-art presentation of the use of subsurface space in Norway.

The present volume constitutes the first in a series of publications presenting Norwegian technology within the field of underground construction. The publications are presented by the Norwegian Soil and Rock Engineering Association, an organization representing the joint forces of know-how within the fields of rock mechanics, soil mechanics, geological engineering and tunnelling technology.